Tetanus

4. Tetanus 

Tetanus disease is one of the dangerous infections that affect the nervous system and muscles. Tetanus word derived from the Greek language from tetanos which means teinein tense. This disease is a disease in which infection tonic muscle spasm and trismus caused hiperrefleksia (lockjaw), generalized muscle spasm, curved spines (opistotonus), glottal spasm, cramps and spasms and respiratory paralysis.


Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
Tetanus is caused neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) from Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium tetani, with the first 1 to 2 weeks after inoculation of spores into the blood of the body injured (incubation period). This disease is 1 of 4 major diseases main clinical manifestations are the result of the power influences exotoxin (tetanus, gas gangrene, diphtheria, botulism).
Clostridium tetani bacteria are commonly found in soil, human excrement and pets and in agricultural areas. Place of entry of these germs can be scars in the tissue damage associated with local, embedded foreign objects or sepsis with soil contamination, superficial abrasions and minor wounds or contaminated soil shear, trauma to the fingers or toes associated with fracture finger and the surgical wound.

Treatment
To neutralize the poison, given tetanus immunoglobulin. Tetracycline and penicillin antibiotics given to prevent further formation of toxins.
Other drugs may be given to calm patients, to control spasms and relax muscles. Patients are usually hospitalized and placed in a quiet room. For moderate to severe infections, may need to set the ventilator to assist breathing.
Food is given through an IV or nasogastric tube. To remove dirt, placed catheter. The patient should lie alternately tilted to the left or right and was forced to cough to prevent pneumonia.
To reduce the pain given codeine. Other drugs may be given to control blood pressure and heart rate. Once cured, must be given a full vaccination for tetanus infection does not provide immunity against subsequent infection. JUVENTUS LIVE

Prognosis
Tetanus has a mortality rate of up to 50%. Death usually occurs in people with very young, very old and injecting drug users. If symptoms worsen or immediately if treatment is delayed, the worse the prognosis.

Prevention
Preventing tetanus through vaccination is better than cure. In children, tetanus vaccine is given as part of the DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus). For the adult should receive booster
In someone who has a wound, if:
1. Had received tetanus booster within the last 5 years, do not need to undergo further vaccination
2. Has never received a booster within the last 5 years, vaccination is given immediately
3. Had never lived vaccination or incomplete vaccination, given an injection of tetanus immunoglobulin and the first injection of 3 monthly vaccinations.
Each wound (especially a deep puncture wound) should be cleaned thoroughly because of dirt and dead tissue will facilitate the growth of Clostridium tetani bacteria.